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Reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis is the process of removing minerals from water, which is forced by pressure through a differentially permeable membrane, filtering out the mineral. It happens when growers accidentally apply strong nutrients to a plant's roots, leeching life out of the plant. Here, dissolved salts, such as sodium, chloride, calcium carbonate, and calcium sulfate may be separated from water by forcing the water through a semi-permeable membrane under high pressure. The water diffuses through the membrane and the dissolved salts remain on the surface of the membrane. The water supply into and out of reverse osmosis process are typically described as streams, consisting of the feed water stream, the permeate stream, and by-product stream.
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Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration. The semipermeable membrane is permeable to the solvent, but not to the solute, resulting in a chemical potential difference across the membrane which drives the diffusion. That is, the solvent flows from the side of the membrane where the solution is weakest to the side where it is strongest, until the solution on both sides of the membrane is the same strength (that is, until the chemical potential is equal on both sides).
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It is used to clean concentrated solutions on one side of a semi permeable membrane. The result is the movement of solvent from the more concentrated side to the more dilute side, thus separating clean solvent from the concentrated solution. Mechanical pressure is applied to an impure solution to force pure water through a semi-permeable membrane. The term is reverse osmosis, because normal osmosis would result in fresh water moving in the other direction to dilute the impurities. It is theoretically the most thorough method of large-scale water purification available, although perfect semi-permeable membranes are difficult to create. It is also known as hyperfiltration, the finest filtration known which is used to produce water that meets the most demanding specifications that are currently in place. The process is capable of rejecting bacteria, salts, sugars, proteins, particles, dyes, and other constituents that have a molecular weight of greater than 150-250 Daltons.

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The reverse osmosis methodcan be driven in reverse with solvent moving from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure. This reverse osmosis technique is commonly applied to purify water. Sometimes the term "forward osmosis" is used for osmosis, particularly when used for rehydrating dried food using contaminated water.

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